The greater the amount of red blood cells available, the more oxygen can be carried from the lungs to the muscles.
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EPO is typically taken prior to a big training block - out of competition - to ensure that by the time of the competition all traces of the synthetic EPO will have disappeared. In May , the T-Mobile cycling team suspended two doctors who allegedly supplied EPO to former Tour de France winners Bjarne Riis, Jan Ullrich and other riders on the team then known as Team Telekom between and , more than a decade earlier.
Blood Doping: Blood doping is when an athlete illicitly boosts the number of red blood cells RBCs in his or her body in order to enhance athletic performance. An athlete has healthy blood 'removed' during periods when the body is at its freshest e. The benefit of a transfusion of half a litre of blood can provide the athlete with an additional half litre of oxygen to muscles per minute, at the same time increasing the capacity of the muscles to use oxygen by up to five percent.
Red blood cells can be easily frozen and later thawed for use without significant loss of their oxygen-carrying properties.
The investigation broke in May when Dr. Eufemiano Fuentes was accused of helping professional athletes from a number of sports engage in blood doping to enhance their performance. Among these athletes were some of the best known cyclists in the world, including several of the top finishers at the most recent Olympic Games and Tours de France.
Human Growth Hormone: When the aim is to increase strength and muscular power to improve technique protein, natural or synthetic anabolic agents in combination with hyper-protein diets and muscle-building exercises are frequently used. The balance between the increase in muscle mass and the loss of fat mass can be maintained by growth hormones associated with aminoacids, drugs with anabolic properties, or with nutritional supplements. Growth hormones stimulate cell growth, aids in muscle mass building and their recovery. Typically it is injected prior to a period of training to aid muscle development during training , but can be used during competition to speed up recovery from fatigue.
Abuse of HGH leads to thickening of the bones particularly the jaw bone , swelling of hands and feet and increased organ growth. Pharmacological,chemical and physical manipulation: By the use of either substances or particular methods it is possible to hide the presence of banned substances in, or even to alter a urine sample. Steroids: A primary form of cheating that has occurred in professional cycling is found in the use of performance-enhancing drugs, including anabolic steroids.
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It also increases aggression and competitiveness, and allows one to train harder, for longer. In males the known side effects are kidney damage, development of breasts, premature baldness, shrinking and hardening of testicles, sterility and impotence, acne, increased aggression and sexual appetite.
Steroids stay in body for up to six months and are easily detectable in urine. Anabolic steroids encompass an entire family of drugs related to testosterone, the male hormone, and which stimulate muscle growth in the body. Anabolic steroids may be taken by pill, injection or administered through the skin. Amphetamines: A relatively less common problem in professional cycling is the abuse of amphetamines as a performance-enhancing drug. These days, amphetamines are the drug of choice only for the unimaginative or unsophisticated cheats. Users may feel more alert, more energetic and less fatigued.
These substances are highly addictive, cause loss of concentration, balance and co-ordination, drowsiness, nausea and vomiting, constipation, fainting and comas, and are easily detectable if tested within three months of having been taken. Diuretics are products that help eliminate fluid from the body such as Acetazolamide, Chlorthalidone and Triamterene.
They are used to lose weight quickly water and to disguise the presence of other banned substances by increasing the rate at which urine is produced and expelled. Side effects are constituted by dehydration, dizziness, cramps, headaches, nausea, kidney damage, and is easily detectable. I thought that was the coolest thing ever- Minnesota boy kicking some French butt. Then, after a few more years, Lance showed up to dominate and capture the attention of the nation with his miraculous recovery from cancer.
This year is a little bit different. I didn't even watch the prologue and the first two stages. Just wasn't interested. Too much drama for me. Might as well watch professional wrestling. Even my cycling-obsessed coworker, The Crazy Englishman, felt the same way. This coming from somebody me who once paid for cable installation and rounded up a TV just to watch the Tour, after having gone for over 6 months without one while living in Chicago.
But now, I'm starting to see that there's a real benefit in not having any clear cut favorites in the race.
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Gone are most of the big names, and everything is up for grabs. Vinokourov, one of the main contenders, has crashed and lost time- over a minute. Boonen, my favorite sprinter, is getting his butt kicked by his teammate Steegmans. Cancellara, wearing the maillot jaune, is showing much more fire than I thought him capable of.
Hincapie looks not too shabby. Leipheimer hasn't cracked yet.
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Things are getting interesting As for me, well, I'm wearing my version of the maillot jaune. A Hincapie vintage throwback edition made of wool. And I'm headed north to Minocqua for some riding with a group of friends tomorrow.
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Time to forget the photos for a bit and just enjoy the ride- and the beer and good conversation that follows. Ese estrechamiento causa obstrucción y por tanto dificultad para pasar el aire que es en gran parte reversible, a diferencia de la bronquitis crónica donde hay escasa reversibilidad. Cuando los síntomas del asma empeoran, se produce una crisis de asma. En una crisis severa, las vías respiratorias pueden cerrarse tanto que los órganos vitales no reciben suficiente oxígeno. El asma provoca síntomas tales como respiración sibilante, falta de aire polipnea y taquipnea , opresión en el pecho y tos improductiva durante la noche o temprano en la mañana.
En algunos pacientes estos síntomas persisten a un nivel bajo, mientras que en otros, los síntomas pueden ser severos y durar varios días o semanas. Indica el uso regular de broncodilatadores, antihistamínicos, corticosteroides, terapia respiratoria, inmunoterapia específica, etc. Si resulta insuficiente evitar los factores estimulantes, entonces se puede recurrir al tratamiento médico.
El tratamiento farmacológico específico recomendado para pacientes con asma depende en la severidad de su enfermedad y la frecuencia en la aparición de los síntomas. Los tratamientos específicos para el asma se clasifican a groso modo en medicinas preventivas y de emergencia. El reporte EPR-2 por sus siglas en inglés Expert Panel Report 2 , un protocolo para el diagnóstico y manejo del asma, así como el reporte de otras sociedades internacionales son usados y apoyados por muchos médicos.
Para quienes tienen solo ataques ocasionales, no se necesita otro tipo de medicamento. Los linfocitos T del grupo NK parece ser resistente a los corticosteroides, una de las principales líneas de tratamiento actual. Otras prometedoras opciones en estadíos de investigación incluyen el uso de estatinas, que son medicamentos que disminuyen el nivel de colesterol en el plasma sanguíneo y el uso de suplementos con aceite de pescado, para reducir la inflamación en las vías respiratorias.
Los efectos secundarios que incluía la aparición de temblores, se han reducido grandemente con los tratamientos inhalados, que permite que el medicamento haga blanco específicamente en los pulmones. Los medicamentos que son administrados por vía oral o inyectados tienden a ser distribuidos por el resto del cuerpo, aumentando la posibilidad de la aparición de los efectos adversos, incluyendo efectos cardíacos por actividad agonista de los receptores beta1 que causan hipertensión arterial y trastornos del ritmo cardíaco.
Estos medicamentos tienen efectos adversos cardíacos a frecuencias similares o menores que el albuterol. La causa del ataque de asma es la estrechez de los finos conductos del aire del pulmón. La estrechez de estos conductos entra en el concepto de las enfermedades alérgicas. Los síntomas principales son la opresión y la angustia, junto con la sensación de ahogo o falta de aire. A pesar de sus apariencias, el asma no es enfermedad peligrosa.
Solamente cuando los ataques son muy frecuentes se debilita el corazón y se nota gran decaimiento en las fuerzas corporales. La alimentación, pues muchos ataques de asma son debidos a digestiones difíciles, a comidas abundantes y cenas copiosas. Normalizar la digestión; refrescar el interior del vientre con baños genitales y cataplasma de barro durante la noche. Un procedimiento muy eficaz para abreviar o cortar el ataque de asma es el chorro frío de nuca y espaldas.
Combatir las causas que favorecen la aparición de los ataques. Baño vital; baños de sol y de aire. Gimnasia respiratoria.